Stripping compositions with mixtures or organic solvents and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Solvent assisted alkaline paint stripping can be speeded by using mixtures of (i) glycol and/or oligoglycol monoethers with (ii) unetherified glycols and oligoglycols and/or alkanolamines.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to compositions and processes for removingorganic coatings, particularly paints and the like, from metal surfacesbearing such organic coatings, especially when the metal surfaces havebeen conversion coated, as with phosphate or chromate coatings, beforebeing given an organic coating. Compositions that are effective inremoving organic coatings in this way are often called "strippingcompositions" or simply "strippers" and may be so denoted hereinafter.The compositions are at least partially aqueous and alkaline but alsocontain organic solvents, which may or may not be completely soluble inthe aqueous part of the compositions. Additional details may be found inU.S. Pat. No. 3,308,066 of Mar. 7, 1967 to Murphy et al., the entiredisclosure of which, except to the extent that it may be inconsistentwith any explicit statement herein, is hereby incorporated herein byreference.

More particularly, this invention is concerned with compositions whichinclude at least two chemically distinct types of organic solvents thatact synergistically to achieve more rapid stripping than would beexpected from the weighted average of stripping times of theirindividual components. In some of its embodiments, this invention isconcerned with alkaline stripping compositions that eliminate or atleast substantially reduce the potential for air pollution by excludingor substantially reducing any content of organic solvents recognized assignificant contributors to air pollution when evaporated into the air,for example, any solvents listed as Hazardous Air Pollutants under theU. S. Clean Air Act.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Previously known alkaline stripping compositions are diverse, but themost effective previously known ones generally include ethylene glycol,one of the materials often known as "poly-[or oligo-]ethylene glycols"because the molecules thereof can be at least formally derived from twoor more molecules of ethylene glycol by loss of one water moleculebetween each pair of ethylene glycol molecules to form an ether bondbetween the two molecules that replaces the --OH group formerly presentin each molecule, and/or monoethers of ethylene glycol and/or itsoligomers as defined above. Most if not all such materials have beenimplicated as significant sources of air pollution and are likely to belegally banned or severely restricted in use in the United States withinthe next few years.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

One major object of the invention is to provide compositions andprocesses that avoid using significant sources of air pollution whileachieving adequate stripping capability compared with the establishedstrippers using derivatives of ethylene glycol as noted above. Anotheralternative or concurrent object is to provide compositions containingat least two chemically distinct types of organic solvents that are moreeffective in stripping together than alone.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESCRIPTION

Except in the claims and the operating examples, or where otherwiseexpressly indicated, all numerical quantities in this descriptionindicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction and/or use areto be understood as modified by the word "about" in describing thebroadest scope of the invention. Practice within the numerical limitsstated is generally preferred. Also, unless expressly stated to thecontrary: percent, fraction of, "parts of", and ratio values are byweight; the term "polymer" includes "oligomer", "copolymer","terpolymer", and the like; the description of a group or class ofmaterials as suitable or preferred for a given purpose in connectionwith the invention implies that mixtures of any two or more of themembers of the group or class are equally suitable or preferred;description of constituents in chemical terms refers to the constituentsat the time of addition to any combination specified in the description,and does not necessarily preclude chemical interactions among theconstituents of a mixture once mixed; specification of materials inionic form implies the presence of sufficient counterions to produceelectrical neutrality for the composition as a whole (any counterionsthus implicitly specified should preferably be selected from among otherconstituents explicitly specified in ionic form, to the extent possible;otherwise such counterions may be freely selected, except for avoidingcounterions that act adversely to the stated objects of the invention);and the term "mole" and its variations may be applied to elemental,ionic, and any other chemical species defined by number and type ofatoms present, as well as to compounds with well defined molecules.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions according to the invention may be working compositionssuitable for direct use in stripping processes or concentrates, whichcontain some or all of the active ingredients of working compositionsand are suitable for preparing working compositions thereof by dilutionwith water and/or mixing with other concentrates. Working compositionsaccording to the invention comprise, preferably consist essentially of,or more preferably consist of, water and the following components:

(A) at least one dissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide;

(B) at least one compound that is liquid at 25° C. under normalatmospheric pressure and is selected from the group consisting ofmonoethers of (i) ethylene glycol, (ii) propylene glycol, (iii) butyleneglycol, and (iv) "oligomers" as defined above of ethylene glycol,propylene glycol, and butylene glycol; and

(C) at least one compound that is liquid at 25° C. under normalatmospheric pressure and is selected from the group consisting of (i)ethylene glycol, (ii) propylene glycol, (iii) butylene glycol, (iv)"oligomers" as defined above of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, andbutylene glycol, and (v) mono-, di-, and tri-alkanol amines; and,optionally, one or more of the following components:

(D) a component selected from the group consisting of gluconic acid,water soluble and water dispersible salts of gluconic acid,heptogluconic acid and its water soluble and water dispersible salts,and glucono-delta-lactone;

(E) surfactant (alternatively described as "wetting agent"); and

(F) alkaline salts exclusive of alkali metal and alkaline earth metalhydroxides.

Processes of utilizing working compositions according to the inventionas defined above for stripping paint and like materials from metalsurfaces are another embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

It is normally preferred that compositions according to the invention asdefined above should be substantially free from various ingredients.Specifically, it is increasingly preferred in the order given,independently for each preferably minimized component listed below, thatprimary compositions according to the invention, when directly contactedwith coatings on metal in a process according to this invention, containno more than 10, 5, 3, 2.0, 1.0, 0.35, 0.10, 0.08, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01,0.001, or 0.0002 percent of any of (i) hydrocarbons; (ii) any othercompounds identified as carcinogenic; and (iii) any compound other thanwater that is not a hydrocarbon with a vapor pressure at 100° C. thatexceeds, with increasing preference in the order given, 500, 300, 200,100, 70, 50, 30, 15, 10, 7, 5, 3, 1.5, or 0.7 millibars.

The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide component (A)according to the invention preferably is selected from sodium andpotassium hydroxide for a combination of economic and technical reasons.Sodium hydroxide is generally the least expensive among all the suitablehydroxides, and would normally be favored for that reason. However,potassium cations are compatible with larger concentrations of organicsolvents in an aqueous phase than are sodium cations, and potassiumhydroxide is not prohibitively expensive, so that when speed ofstripping is more important than minimum cost of the strippingcompositions, potassium is preferred because it can be used in higherconcentrations that favor faster stripping. Lithium and alkaline earthcations are even less compatible with organic cosolutes than sodium andusually are not preferred for that reason, although workable at lowconcentrations. Rubidium and cesium hydroxides are expected to be highlyeffective in compositions according to the invention but are tooexpensive for ordinary use.

The concentration of component (A) in a working composition according tothe invention may vary over quite wide limits. Generally, fasterstripping will be achieved with higher concentrations of component (A),with all other factors equal. Thus, concentrations up to the solubilitylimit of the particular hydroxide used could be workable in variouscircumstances. However, very high concentrations of hydroxides mayreduce the solubility of components (B) and (C) in the aqueous phase somuch that stripping will actually be impeded. Generally, theconcentration of component (A) preferably is, with increasing preferencein the order given, at least 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, or 0.8 gram moles perkilogram (hereinafter usually abbreviated "M/kg"), and for removingdifficult paints or similar coatings on alkali resistant metal surfacesstill more preferably is, with increasing preference in the order given,at least 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0 M/kgof total working composition. Independently, in most circumstances theconcentration of component (A) in a working composition according to theinvention preferably is, with increasing preference in the order given,not more than 10, 8, 6, or 5 M/kg of total working composition and forone preferred embodiment still more preferably is not more than 4.5,4.1, 3.8, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3, 3.2, or 3.1 M/kg of total working composition.

The total of components (B) and (C) in working compositions according tothis invention preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, at least 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.0 percent andindependently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 50, 40, 30, 25, 22, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16.0,or 15.5 percent.

The glycol unit residues in components (B) and (C) as described abovepreferably are those of ethylene or propylene glycol. Propylene glycolsand oligomers thereof with either or both of 1,2- or 1,3-propanediolstructure or residues therefrom may be used, but molecules with the 1,2substituted structure are usually preferred because they are usuallyless expensive. Independently, the molecules of component (B)preferably: either contain at least two glycol residues each or containone glycol residue and a total of at least 5 carbon and oxygen atoms intheir etherifying moiety; independently preferably contain, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbonatoms each, and independently preferably contain, with increasingpreference in the order given, not more than 14, 12, 11, or 10 carbonatoms each. The glycols, glycol residues, and/or etherifying moieties inthe molecules of components (B) and (C) may be straight or branchedaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic and may includeunsaturation and substituent groups such as ether groups and halogensthat do not substantially diminish paint stripping ability. Normally,however, primarily for reasons of economy, unsubstituted aliphaticglycols, glycol ethers, and etherifying moieties are preferred.

An important characteristic of many preferred embodiments of theinvention is the existence of a synergistic effect, as defined below,between components (B) and (C). A synergistic effect for the purposes ofthis description is defined to exist whenever a composition according tothis invention is found to strip paint more rapidly than would beexpected from the weighted average of the stripping times of comparisoncompositions in which only component (B) or component (C) alone is used,with other constituents and physical conditions being kept constant. Inmathematical terms, if (i) component (B) is present in the compositionin a fraction "b" parts by weight of the total "t" parts by weight ofcomponents (B) and (C), (ii) the stripping time for a constant type andthickness of organic coating to be stripped from a constant metalsubstrate at a constant temperature by a composition containing t partsof component (B) and no component (C) is denoted as "S_(b) " and thestripping time under the same conditions, except for using a compositioncontaining t parts of component (C) and no component (B) is denoted as"S_(c) ", then the weighted average expected stripping time, "W", forthe composition containing both components (B) and (C) is defined asfollows:

    W=b·S.sub.b +(1-b)·S.sub.c.

The "percent synergy" of the actual stripping time "S.sub.(b+c) " isdefined to equal [100(W-S.sub.(b+c))/W]. If this value is negative, thepercentage is defined to represent "antisynergy", because the mixturestrips more slowly than would be expected from its individualconstituents. Compositions according to this invention that have typesand amounts of components (B) and (C) that have a positive percentsynergy for stripping at least one type of organic coating from metalunder at least one set of physical conditions are preferred embodimentsof this invention, with compositions including combinations with higherpositive percent synergy values increasingly more preferred.

Several specific preferred combinations for components (B) and (C) havebeen discovered for specific examples of components (B) and (C)identified by the following abbreviations: DEGMPE=dicthylcne glycolmonopropyl ether; PG=propylene glycol; DPG=dipropylcne glycol;TPG=tripropylenc glycol; MEA=monocthanolamine; DEGMnBE=diethylene glycolmonon-butyl ether; TEGMME=triethylene glycol monomethyl ether;TEGMEE=triethylene glycol monoethyl ether; TEGMnBE=triethylene glycolmonon-butyl ether; DPGMPE=dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether;DPGMnBE=dipropylene glycol monon-butyl ether; TPGMnBE=tripropyleneglycol monon-butyl ether; DPGMtBE=dipropylene glycol monot-butyl ether;EGMFE=ethylene glycol monofurfuryl ether; DEGMHE=diethylene glycolmonohexyl ether; TPGMME=tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether;DPGMME=dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. Some preferred combinationsare:

EGMFE and TPG, with a fraction of TPG that preferably is at least, withincreasing preference in the order given, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, or0.80 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.95.0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

DEGMPE and MEA, with a fraction of MEA that preferably is at least, withincreasing preference in the order given, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50,or 0.55 and that independently preferably is less than or equal to, withincreasing preference in the order given, 0.90, 0.80, 0.70, or 0.65;

DEGMPE and PG, with a fraction of PG that preferably is, with increasingpreference in the order given, at least 0.50, 0.55, or 0.59 andindependently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, 0.75, 0.65, or 0.61;

DEGMPE and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.10, 0.19, and 0.39and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

TEGMME and MEA, with a fraction of MEA that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.40, 0.45, 0.50,0.55, or 0.60 and independently preferably is, with increasingpreference in the order given, less than or equal to 0.80, 0.70, 0.65,or 0.61;

TEGMME and PG, with a fraction of PG that preferably is, with increasingpreference in the order given, at least 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.39 andindependently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.80, 0.70, 0.65, or 0.60;

TEGMME and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.35, 0.55, or 0.60and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

DPGMME and PG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is at least, withincreasing preference in the order given, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 andindependently preferably is less than or equal to, with increasingpreference in the order given, 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81 and in more weaklyalkaline solutions still more preferably is, with increasing preferencein the order given, less than or equal to 0.55, 0.41, 0.35, 0.30, 0.25,or 0.21;

DPGMME and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20and for removing paint less than or equal to 50 microns thick morepreferably is, with increasing preference in the order given, less thanor equal to 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, or 0.79 and independentlypreferably is, with increasing preference in the order given, less thanor equal to 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

DPGMME and TPG, with a fraction of TPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.25, 0.35, or 0.40and in relatively weakly alkaline compositions at least 0.55 or 0.60 andindependently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

DEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction of MEA that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.15, 0.20, or 0.58and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.85, 0.80, 0.70, or 0.61;

DEGMnBE and PG, with a fraction of PG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.20, 0.30, 0.35, or0.40 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.80, 0.70, or 0.62;

DEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.50, 0.55, or 0.60and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

TEGMEE and MEA, with a fraction of MEA that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.12, 0.18, or 0.38and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.80, 0.60, 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, or 0.41;

TEGMEE and PG, with a fraction of PG that preferably either (i) is atleast, with increasing preference in the order given, 0.10, 0.15, or0.20 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, not more than 0.45, 0.40, 0.35, 0.30, or 0.25 or (ii) is atleast, with increasing preference in the order given, 0.50, 0.55, or0.60 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.85, 0.80, 0.75, 0.70, or0.65;

TEGMEE and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in the ordergiven, less than or equal to 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, 0.80, 0.75, 0.70, 0.65,or 0.61;

TEGMEE and TPG, with a fraction of TPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.10, 0.15, 0.18, or0.19 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.85, 0.81, 0.71, 0.55, 0.40,or 0.21;

DEGMHE and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.20, 0.30, 0.35, or0.39 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.81, 0.61, 0.50, 0.46, or 0.41;

TEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction of MEA that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, or0.59 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.81, 0.71, 0.66, or 0.61;

TEGMnBE and PG, with a fraction of PG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, or0.59 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81;

TEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.10, 0.15, 0.20,0.30, or 0.40 and independently preferably is, with increasingpreference in the order given, less than or equal to 0.81, 0.70, or0.61;

TPGMME and DPG, with a fraction of DPG that preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.20, 0.40, 0.50,0.60, 0.70, or 0.80 and independently preferably is, with increasingpreference in the order given, less than or equal to 0.95, 0.90, 0.85,or 0.81; and

TPGMME and TPG, preferably with a fraction of TPG that is, withincreasing preference in the order given, at least 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, or0.80 and independently preferably is, with increasing preference in theorder given, less than or equal to 0.95, 0.90, 0.85, or 0.81.

The above-noted preferred combinations of components (B) and (C)preferably are used as such, and not in mixtures among themselves. Thesepreferred combinations may be formulated as concentrates according tothe invention, in compositions containing no other essentialingredients, suitable for adding to any of the well established alkalinestripping agents for paint and the like. These combinations, with thesame relative proportions among components (B) and (C), may alsoadvantageously be used in complete concentrates, also containing waterand component (A), which are suitable for use as working compositionsafter dilution with water only, or in working compositions according tothe invention and processes of stripping coatings from metals therewith.

When both of components (B) and (C) contain at least six carbon atomsper molecule, there may be phase separation problems in completeconcentrates if only the most preferred constituents as outlined aboveare used in the complete concentrates. If such phase separation problemsare encountered, they may often be overcome by adding a third component,usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. For example, when the abovenoted preferred combination of TPGMME for component (B) and DPG forcomponent (B) is used, a ratio of dipropylene glycol to propylene glycolin a working composition that preferably is, with increasing preferencein the order given, not less than or equal to 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6,2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, or 3.15 and independently preferably is, withincreasing preference in the order given, not more than 50, 25, 15, 10,7.5, 5.0, 4.5, 4.2, 3.9, 3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, or 3.25 has been foundto yield exceptionally favorable results in a preferred completeconcentrate according to the invention that contains potassium hydroxideas component (A).

Optional component (D) is believed to have at least two possiblyfavorable effects on working compositions according to the invention:mutual solubilization of hydroxide and the organic components and anability to attack phosphate conversion coatings which often underlie thepaint or similar coating to be stripped and thereby to speed thestripping process by undermining the bond between the paint film to beremoved and the underlying metal. It is accordingly preferred in mostsuch working compositions that the concentration of component (D) in aworking composition according to this invention is, with increasingpreference in the order given, not less than or equal to 0.01, 0.03,0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.11, 0.13, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, or 0.20 M/kgof total composition and independently preferably is, with increasingpreference in the order given, not more than 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6,0.50, 0.45, 0.40, 0.37, 0.34, 0.31, 0.29, 0.27, 0.25, 0.24, 0.23, 0.22,or 0.21 M/kg of total composition. The most preferred chemical compoundfor use in preparing compositions according to the invention to providecomponent (D) is gluconic acid, although it is expected to be present insalt form in the highly alkaline working compositions.

Component (E) of surfactant or wetting agent is not generally needed,but may be useful in some cases for removing coatings that have anextraordinarily hydrophobic surface. Component (F) of alkaline saltsother than hydroxides also is generally not needed, but may beadvantageous in cases where the amount of component (A) is lower than isnormally preferred, in order to protect the underlying metal surfacefrom alkaline attack.

Speed of stripping is normally substantially increased at highertemperatures. Therefore, it is normally preferred that the temperatureof working compositions when in actual contact with coatings to bestripped be maintained at a temperature of at least, with increasingpreference in the order given, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,99, 100, 101,102, 103, or 104° C., or at the boiling temperature of theworking composition if that is higher. It is preferred that the workingcomposition separate into two liquid phases at working temperatures, asthis has been found to promote stripping action. However, the solubilityof organic compounds in alkaline aqueous ionic solutions is oftengreater at lower temperatures, so that a preferred composition may forma single phase at normal ambient temperatures, i.e., 15°-25° C.

The invention may be further appreciated by consideration of thefollowing examples and comparative examples.

Preparation of Test Substrates

Cold rolled steel sheets were first normally cleaned and activated andthen either (i) phosphate conversion coated with BONDERITE® 1000 ironphosphate conversion coating forming composition and then painted with athickness of about 20 micrometers (hereinafter usually abbreviated "μm")of DURACRON™ 200 acrylic appliance paint (denoted type "A" below) or(ii) phosphate conversion coated with BONDERITE® 952zinc-manganese-nickel phosphate conversion coating forming compositionand then painted with a thickness of about 56 μm of DURACRON™ 200 paint(denoted type "B" below).

Preparation of Working Compositions for Testing--Group 1

The working stripping compositions (not all of which are necessarilyaccording to the invention) were prepared from two concentrates: Anaqueous alkaline concentrate consisting of 46% potassium hydroxide, 8%of a solution of 50% of gluconic acid in water, and 46% of water and anorganic additive concentrate with component(s) as shown in Table 1below. The amount of the organic additive was 15% of each workingcomposition in Table 1, the amount of the alkaline concentrate is listedin Table 1, and the balance of the working compositions was tap water.The working compositions were maintained at boiling temperature andnormal ambient atmospheric pressure during the testing, with waterreplenishment as needed to maintain the original volume. (The boilingtemperature is about 104° C. for compositions that contained 30% of thealkaline concentrate and is about 109° C. for compositions thatcontained 50% of the alkaline concentrate. All of the organic additivestested have boiling points so much higher than water that replenishingthem was not needed to maintain substantially constant composition.)

Painted, pre-phosphated test panels prepared as described above wereimmersed in the working compositions and observed until the paint hadbeen completely stripped, or, in a few cases, until a preset time limithad been exceeded. The time required for stripping was then taken from atiming device that had been started at the time of immersion; ifstripping was not achieved, the time limit is shown instead, following a">" sign in the tables below.

Results are shown in Table 1 below, along with some comparative testswith numbers beginning with "C" in which a single organic compound isused in the working composition and a few comparative examples in whichtwo types of (oligo-)glycol ethers are mixed.

                                      TABLE 1                                     __________________________________________________________________________    Test                 % AC                                                                              Panel Type A                                                                          Panel Type B                                 No. Organic Additive Composition                                                                   in WC                                                                             ST  % S ST  % S                                      __________________________________________________________________________    C-12                                                                              100% EGMFE       30  4.0 --  6.0 --                                       129 80% EGMFE + 20% TPG                                                                            30  6.5 -35 10.9                                                                              -49                                      130 60% EGMFE + 40% TPG                                                                            30  4.2 25  8.7 -1                                       131 40% EGMFE + 60% TPG                                                                            30  4.0 38  7.5 24                                       132 20% EGMFE + 80% TPG                                                                            30  3.5 51  7.2 36                                       C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-1 100% DEGMPE      30  4.8 --  9   --                                       13  80% DEGMPE + 20% MEA                                                                           30  4.0 59  6.5 51                                       14  60% DEGMPE + 40% MEA                                                                           30  3.5 76  6.2 64                                       15  40% DEGMPE + 60% MEA                                                                           30  3.2 84  5.8 73                                       16  20% DEGMPE + 80% MEA                                                                           30  4.5 82  10  61                                       C-5 100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-1.1                                                                             100% DEGMPE      30  4.8 --  9.0 --                                       1   80% DEGMPE + 20% PG                                                                            30  nm  nm  7.0 22                                       2   60% DEGMPE + 40% PG                                                                            30  5.2 65  7.5 57                                       3.1 40% DEGMPE + 60% PG                                                                            30  4.0 80  6.2 71                                       4.1 20% DEGMPE + 80% PG                                                                            30  19  24  nm  nm                                       C-2.1                                                                             100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-1.2                                                                             100% DEGMPE      50  4.0 --  6.0 --                                       3.2 40% DEGMPE + 60% PG                                                                            50  nm  nm  3.0 85                                       4.2 20% DEGMPE + 80% PG                                                                            50  7.0 72  nm  nm                                       C-2.2                                                                             100% PG          50  >30 --  >30 --                                       4.3 20% DEGMPE + 80% PG                                                                            70  4.0 nm  8.8 nm                                       C-1.1                                                                             100% DEGMPE      30  4.8 --  9.0 --                                       5   80% DEGMPE + 20% DPG                                                                           30  3.0 52  7.5 29                                       6.1 60% DEGMPE + 40% DPG                                                                           30  nm  nm  5.8 52                                       7.1 40% DEGMPE + 60% DPG                                                                           30  nm  nm  6.5 52                                       8.1 20% DEGMPE + 80% DPG                                                                           30  3.5 66  6.3 58                                       C-3.1                                                                             100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-1.2                                                                             100% DEGMPE      50  4.0 --  6.0 --                                       6.2 60% DEGMPE + 40% DPG                                                                           50  nm  nm  5.7 65                                       7.2 40% DEGMPE + 60% DPG                                                                           50  nm  nm  4.7 62                                       8.2 20% DEGMPE + 80% DPG                                                                           50  nm  nm  5   65                                       C-3.2                                                                             100% DPG         50  8.0 --  10.0                                                                              --                                       C-1 100% DEGMPE      30  4.8 --  9   --                                       9   80% DEGMPE + 20% TPG                                                                           30  5.5 -1  9.2 5                                        10  60% DEGMPE + 40% TPG                                                                           30  5.8 5   9.5 9                                        11  40% DEGMPE + 60% TPG                                                                           30  5.5 18  9.8 12                                       12  20% DEGMPE + 80% TPG                                                                           30  6.2 16  11.5                                                                              3                                        C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-7.1                                                                             100% TEGMME      30  5.5 --  9.4 --                                       45  80% TEGMME + 20% MEA                                                                           30  6.5 38  15.0                                                                              4                                        46.1                                                                              60% TEGMME + 40% MEA                                                                           30  >18 nm  14.2                                                                              20                                       47.1                                                                              40% TEGMME + 60% MEA                                                                           30  >10 nm  16  26                                       48.1                                                                              20% TEGMME + 80% MEA                                                                           30  >10 nm  21  19                                       C-5.1                                                                             100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-7.2                                                                             100% TEGMME      50  4.2 --  6.2 --                                       46.2                                                                              60% TEGMME + 40% MEA                                                                           50  4.0 72  5.2 67                                       47.2                                                                              40% TEGMME + 60% MEA                                                                           50  3.0 85  6.0 71                                       48.2                                                                              20% TEGMME + 80% MEA                                                                           50  4.2 83  9.0 64                                       C-5.2                                                                             100% MEA         50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-7.1                                                                             100% TEGMME      30  5.5 --  9.4 --                                       41.1                                                                              80% TEGMME + 20% PG                                                                            30  10.0                                                                              -96 14.8                                                                              -74                                      42.1                                                                              60% TEGMME + 40% PG                                                                            30  10.0                                                                              35  21  -19                                      43.1                                                                              40% TEGMME + 60% PG                                                                            30  15  26  21.2                                                                              3                                        44.1                                                                              20% TEGMME + 80% PG                                                                            30  >15 nm  40  -55                                      C-2.1                                                                             100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-7.2                                                                             100% TEGMME      50  4.2 --  6.2 --                                       41.2                                                                              80% TEGMME + 20% PG                                                                            50  4.0 57  5.2 53                                       42.2                                                                              60% TEGMME + 40% PG                                                                            50  3.5 76  5.0 68                                       43.2                                                                              40% TEGMME + 60% PG                                                                            50  3.2 84  5.8 72                                       44.2                                                                              20% TEGMME + 80% PG                                                                            50  7.0 72  7.2 71                                       C-2.2                                                                             100% PG          50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-7.1                                                                             100% TEGMME      30  5.5 --  9.4 --                                       37  80% TEGMME + 20% DPG                                                                           30  5.2 23  11  -2                                       38  60% TEGMME + 40% DPG                                                                           30  8.8 -10 12.8                                                                              -5                                       39.1                                                                              40% TEGMME + 60% DPG                                                                           30  >15 <-62                                                                              nm  nm                                       40.1                                                                              20% TEGMME + 80% DPG                                                                           30  13.1                                                                              -24 16.8                                                                              -11                                      C-3.1                                                                             100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-7.2                                                                             100% TEGMME      50  4.2 --  6.2 --                                       39.2                                                                              40% TEGMME + 60% DPG                                                                           50  3.8 41  5.4 36                                       40.2                                                                              20% TEGMME + 80% DPG                                                                           50  4.2 42  6   35                                       C-3.2                                                                             100% DPG         50  8   --  10  --                                       C-5 100% TEGMME      30  5.5 --  9.4 --                                       33  80% TEGMME + 20% TPG                                                                           30  7.0 -17 12  -20                                      34  60% TEGMME + 40% TPG                                                                           30  10  -54 14  -32                                      35  40% TEGMME + 60% TPG                                                                           30  6.8 3   12.6                                                                              -12                                      36  20% TEGMME + 80% TPG                                                                           30  5.0 33  12  -1                                       C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-15.1                                                                            100% DPGMME      30  30  --  45.7                                                                              --                                       159.1                                                                             80% DPGMME + 20% PG                                                                            30  8.8 66  60  -49                                      160.1                                                                             60% DPGMME + 40% PG                                                                            30  9.3 69  60  -52                                      161.1                                                                             40% DPGMME + 60% PG                                                                            30  35  -17 60  -65                                      162.1                                                                             20% DPGMME + 80% PG                                                                            30  >60 -100                                                                              >60 -81                                      C-2.1                                                                             100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-15.2                                                                            100% DPGMME      50  13.3                                                                              --  20.7                                                                              --                                       159.2                                                                             80% DPGMME + 20% PG                                                                            50  7.8 53  11  51                                       160.2                                                                             60% DPGMME + 40% PG                                                                            50  7.8 61  18.5                                                                              24                                       161.2                                                                             40% DPGMME + 60% PG                                                                            50  6.0 74  12.7                                                                              52                                       162.2                                                                             20% DPGMME + 80% PG                                                                            50  6.2 77  20  29                                       C-2.2                                                                             100% PG          50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-15.1                                                                            100% DPGMME      30  30  --  45.7                                                                              --                                       163.1                                                                             80% DPGMME + 20% DPG                                                                           30  10  60  13.1                                                                              65                                       164.1                                                                             60% DPGMME + 40% DPG                                                                           30  6.0 74  8.5 75                                       165.1                                                                             40% DPGMME + 60% DPG                                                                           30  6.2 68  9.0 68                                       166.1                                                                             20% DPGMME + 80% DPG                                                                           30  5.8 62  11.5                                                                              49                                       C-3.1                                                                             100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-15.2                                                                            100% DPGMME      50  13.3                                                                              --  20.7                                                                              --                                       163.2                                                                             80% DPGMME + 20% DPG                                                                           50  6.9 44  8.8 53                                       164.2                                                                             60% DPGMME + 40% DPG                                                                           50  5.0 55  5.8 65                                       165.2                                                                             40% DPGMME + 60% DPG                                                                           50  4.2 58  5.5 61                                       166.2                                                                             20% DPGMME + 80% DPG                                                                           50  3.7 59  5.7 53                                       C-3.2                                                                             100% DPG         50  8.0 --  10.0                                                                              --                                       C-15.1                                                                            100% DPGMME      30  30  --  45.7                                                                              --                                       167.1                                                                             80% DPGMME + 20% TPG                                                                           30  10.7                                                                              58  16.5                                                                              57                                       168.1                                                                             60% DPGMME + 40% TPG                                                                           30  9.2 57  14  57                                       169.1                                                                             40% DPGMME + 60% TPG                                                                           30  6.5 61  9.0 65                                       170.1                                                                             20% DPGMME + 80% TPG                                                                           30  6.2 50  8.5 56                                       C-4.1                                                                             100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-15.2                                                                            100% DPGMME      50  13.3                                                                              --  20.7                                                                              --                                       167.2                                                                             80% DPGMME + 20% TPG                                                                           50  7.5 38  10.6                                                                              43                                       168.2                                                                             60% DPGMME + 40% TPG                                                                           50  6.2 42  9.0 46                                       169.2                                                                             40% DPGMME + 60% TPG                                                                           50  9.0 5   14  6                                        170.2                                                                             20% DPGMME + 80% TPG                                                                           50  8.8 -7  12.1                                                                              6                                        C-4.2                                                                             100% TPG         50  7.0 --  11.0                                                                              --                                       C-6 100% DEGMnBE     30  6.5 --  11.6                                                                              --                                       17  80% DEGMnBE + 20% MEA                                                                          30  5.5 51  11.5                                                                              25                                       18  60% DEGMnBE + 40% MEA                                                                          30  5.8 64  12  37                                       19  40% DEGMnBE + 60% MEA                                                                          30  4.8 77  9.8 57                                       20  20% DEGMnBE + 80% MEA                                                                          30  6   76  12.2                                                                              54                                       C-5 100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-6 100% DEGMnBE     30  6.5 --  11.6                                                                              --                                       21  80% DEGMnBE + 20% PG                                                                           30  6.0 46  10.5                                                                              31                                       22  60% DEGMnBE + 40% PG                                                                           30  5.0 69  9.8 48                                       23  40% DEGMnBE + 60% PG                                                                           30  5.0 76  10.0                                                                              56                                       24  20% DEGMnBE + 80% PG                                                                           30  7.8 69  10.0                                                                              62                                       C-2 100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-6 100% DEGMnBE     30  6.5 --  11.6                                                                              --                                       25  80% DEGMnBE + 20% DPG                                                                          30  7.2 5   13.5                                                                              -7                                       26  60% DEGMnBE + 40% DPG                                                                          30  8.8 -2  11.0                                                                              19                                       27  40% DEGMnBE + 60% DPG                                                                          30  5.5 43  10.2                                                                              30                                       28  20% DEGMnBE + 80% DPG                                                                          30  5.5 49  7.5 52                                       C-3 100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-6 100% DEGMnBE     30  6.5 --  11.6                                                                              --                                       29  80% DEGMnBE + 20% TPG                                                                          30  8.0 -18 14.5                                                                              -23                                      30  60% DEGMnBE + 40% TPG                                                                          30  11.0                                                                              -55 15.8                                                                              -32                                      31  40% DEGMnBE + 60% TPG                                                                          30  6.2 16  12.5                                                                              -3                                       32  20% DEGMnBE + 80% TPG                                                                          30  9.0 -17 11.8                                                                              4                                        C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-7.1                                                                             100% TEGMEE      30  5.5 --  9.4 --                                       61  80% TEGMEE + 20% MEA                                                                           30  4.0 62  7.8 42                                       62  60% TEGMEE + 40% MEA                                                                           30  4.0 74  7.5 57                                       63.1                                                                              40% TEGMEE + 60% MEA                                                                           30  6.5 68  14.9                                                                              32                                       64.1                                                                              20% TEGMEE + 80% MEA                                                                           30  6.5 74  18  30                                       C-5.1                                                                             100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-7.2                                                                             100% TEGMEE      50  4.2 --  6.2 --                                       63.2                                                                              40% TEGMEE + 60% MEA                                                                           50  3.5 82  6.7 67                                       64.2                                                                              20% TEGMEE + 80% MEA                                                                           50  4.2 83  6   76                                       C-5.2                                                                             100% MEA         50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-7.1                                                                             100% TEGMEE      30  5.1 --  9.1 --                                       49  80% TEGMEE + 20% PG                                                                            30  4.0 60  9.0 32                                       50  60% TEGMEE + 40% PG                                                                            30  5.0 67  9.3 47                                       51.1                                                                              40% TEGMEE + 60% PG                                                                            30  >10 nm  15  31                                       52.1                                                                              20% TEGMEE + 80% PG                                                                            30  10.0                                                                              60  20  23                                       C-2.1                                                                             100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-7.2                                                                             100% TEGMEE      50  3.9 --  6.0 --                                       51.2                                                                              40% TEGMEE + 60% PG                                                                            50  2.8 86  6.0 71                                       52.2                                                                              20% TEGMEE + 80% PG                                                                            50  3.0 88  6.4 75                                       C-2.2                                                                             100% PG          50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-7.1                                                                             100% TEGMEE      30  5.1 --  9.1 --                                       53  80% TEGMEE + 20% DPG                                                                           30  3.8 41  10.5                                                                              1                                        54  60% TEGMEE + 40% DPG                                                                           30  3.8 51  7.8 35                                       55.1                                                                              40% TEGMEE + 60% DPG                                                                           30  9.0 1   7.3 46                                       56.1                                                                              20% TEGMEE + 80% DPG                                                                           30  9.2 12  15.5                                                                              -3                                       C-3.1                                                                             100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-7.2                                                                             100% TEGMEE      50  3.9 --  6.0 --                                       55.2                                                                              40% TEGMEE + 60% DPG                                                                           50  6.0 6   5.2 38                                       56.2                                                                              20% TEGMEE + 80% DPG                                                                           50  4.8 33  5.7 38                                       C-3.2                                                                             100% DPG         50  8.0 --  10.0                                                                              --                                       C-7 100% TEGMEE      30  5.1 --  9.1 --                                       57  80% TEGMEE + 20% TPG                                                                           30  4.2 26  8.5 13                                       58  60% TEGMEE + 40% TPG                                                                           30  5.0 20  8.8 16                                       59  40% TEGMEE + 60% TPG                                                                           30  5.5 20  12.3                                                                              -10                                      60  20% TEGMEE + 80% TPG                                                                           30  5.2 30  12.2                                                                              -3                                       C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-13                                                                              100% DEGMHE      30  9.0 --  16.5                                                                              --                                       141 80% DEGMHE + 20% PG                                                                            30  6.1 54  18.1                                                                              6                                        142 60% DEGMHE + 40% PG                                                                            30  9.2 47  19.1                                                                              13                                       143 40% DEGMHE + 60% PG                                                                            30  11.5                                                                              47  18.5                                                                              25                                       144 20% DEGMHE + 80% PG                                                                            30  9.0 65  13  52                                       C-2 100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-13                                                                              100% DEGMHE      30  9.0 --  16.5                                                                              --                                       137 80% DEGMHE + 20% DPG                                                                           30  8.8 8   16.6                                                                              -1                                       138 60% DEGMHE + 40% DPG                                                                           30  5.2 49  10.8                                                                              35                                       139 40% DEGMHE + 60% DPG                                                                           30  6.0 44  11.7                                                                              29                                       140 20% DEGMHE + 80% DPG                                                                           30  6.2 45  12.6                                                                              24                                       C-3 100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-13                                                                              100% DEGMHE      30  9.0 --  16.5                                                                              --                                       133 80% DEGMHE + 20% TPG                                                                           30  8.3 6   19  -21                                      134 60% DEGMHE + 40% TPG                                                                           30  8.5 1   13.7                                                                              8                                        135 40% DEGMHE + 60% TPG                                                                           30  8.8 -5  14  1                                        136 20% DEGMHE + 80% TPG                                                                           30  9.2 -12 14.6                                                                              -10                                      C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-8 100% TEGMnBE     30  7.0 --  12.2                                                                              --                                       65  80% TEGMnBE + 20% MEA                                                                          30  7.0 40  14.3                                                                              9                                        66  60% TEGMnBE + 40% MEA                                                                          30  7.0 57  14.3                                                                              26                                       67  40% TEGMnBE + 60% MEA                                                                          30  4.7 77  9.2 60                                       68  20% TEGMnBE + 80% MEA                                                                          30  6.0 76  10.0                                                                              62                                       C-5 100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-8 100% TEGMnBE     30  7.0 --  12.2                                                                              --                                       69  80% TEGMnBE + 20% PG                                                                           30  7.0 40  13  18                                       70  60% TEGMnBE + 40% PG                                                                           30  7.0 57  12.8                                                                              34                                       71  40% TEGMnBE + 60% PG                                                                           30  6.2 70  12.2                                                                              47                                       72  20% TEGMnBE + 80% PG                                                                           30  6.2 76  12.2                                                                              54                                       C-2 100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-8 100% TEGMnBE     30  7.0 --  12.2                                                                              --                                       73  80% TEGMnBE + 20% DPG                                                                          30  5.0 37  13.2                                                                              -1                                       74  60% TEGMnBE + 40% DPG                                                                          30  5.2 42  9.9 29                                       75  40% TEGMnBE + 60% DPG                                                                          30  5.0 49  9.8 34                                       76  20% TEGMnBE + 80% DPG                                                                          30  5.5 49  10.5                                                                              33                                       C-3 100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-8 100% TEGMnBE     30  7.0 --  12.2                                                                              --                                       77  80% TEGMnBE + 20% TPG                                                                          30  9.8 -36 11.3                                                                              8                                        78  60% TEGMnBE + 40% TPG                                                                          30  9.8 -32 11.5                                                                              7                                        79  40% TEGMnBE + 60% TPG                                                                          30  10.0                                                                              -32 12  3                                        80  20% TEGMnBE + 80% TPG                                                                          30  10.0                                                                              -28 12  4                                        C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-9 100% DPGMnBE     30  43  --  52  --                                       93  80% DPGMnBE + 20% MEA                                                                          30  30  26  34  29                                       94  60% DPGMnBE + 40% MEA                                                                          30  20  47  26  40                                       95  40% DPGMnBE + 60% MEA                                                                          30  18  49  24  38                                       96  20% DPGMnBE + 80% MEA                                                                          30  10.8                                                                              67  20  42                                       C-5 100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-9.1                                                                             100% DPGMnBE     30  43  --  52  --                                       81.1                                                                              80% DPGMnBE + 20% PG                                                                           30  >10 nm  70  -31                                      82.1                                                                              60% DPGMnBE + 40% PG                                                                           30  >10 nm  71  -64                                      83.1                                                                              40% DPGMnBE + 60% PG                                                                           30  >10 nm  65  -68                                      84.1                                                                              20% DPGMnBE + 80% PG                                                                           30  >10 nm  125 -263                                     C-2.1                                                                             100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-9.2                                                                             100% DPGMnBE     50  37  --  36  --                                       81.2                                                                              80% DPGMnBE + 20% PG                                                                           50  >10 nm  60  -72                                      82.2                                                                              60% DPGMnBE + 40% PG                                                                           50  >10 nm  60  -79                                      83.2                                                                              40% DPGMnBE + 60% PG                                                                           50  >10 nm  45  -39                                      84.2                                                                              20% DPGMnBE + 80% PG                                                                           50  >10 nm  70  -124                                     C-2.2                                                                             100% PG          50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-9 100% DPGMnBE     30  43  --  52  --                                       85  80% DPGMnBE + 20% DPG                                                                          30  17  54  45  0                                        86  60% DPGMnBE + 40% DPG                                                                          30  45  -47 57  -51                                      87  40% DPGMnBE + 60% DPG                                                                          30  20  18  25  19                                       88  20% DPGMnBE + 80% DPG                                                                          30  12  33  16  32                                       C-3 100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-9 100% DPGMnBE     30  43  --  52  --                                       89  80% DPGMnBE + 20% TPG                                                                          30  30  17  45  -2                                       90  60% SPGMnBE + 40% TPG                                                                          30  16.5                                                                              43  22  39                                       91  40% DPGMnBE + 60% TPG                                                                          30  9.8 55  20  29                                       92  20% DPGMnBE + 80% TPG                                                                          30  8.0 47  15.2                                                                              25                                       C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-11                                                                              100% DPGMtBE     30  46  --  55  --                                       125 80% DPGMtBE + 20% MEA                                                                          30  31  28  34  32                                       126 60% DPGMtBE + 40% MEA                                                                          30  28  29  30  33                                       127 40% DPGMtBE + 60% MEA                                                                          30  15  59  17  58                                       128 20% DPGMtBE + 80% MEA                                                                          30  23  31  34  3                                        C-5 100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-11                                                                              100% DPGMtBE     30  46  --  55  --                                       121 80% DPGMtBE + 20% PG                                                                           30  38  11  66  -32                                      122 60% DPGMtBE + 40% PG                                                                           30  24  39  55  -22                                      123 40% DPGMtBE + 60% PG                                                                           30  39  -7  45  -13                                      124 20% DPGMtBE + 80% PG                                                                           30  49  -48 99  -183                                     C-2 100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-11                                                                              100% DPGMtBE     30  46  --  55  --                                       117 80% DPGMtBE + 20% DPG                                                                          30  38  3   49  -4                                       118 60% DPGMtBE + 40% DPG                                                                          30  20  38  32  19                                       119 40% DPGMtBE + 60% DPG                                                                          30  15  41  26  18                                       120 20% DPGMtBE + 80% DPG                                                                          30  13  30  19  21                                       C-3 100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-11                                                                              100% DPGMtBE     30  46  --  55  --                                       113 80% DPGMtBE + 20% TPG                                                                          30  47  -22 54  -16                                      114 60% DPGMtBE + 40% TPG                                                                          30  24  22  33  13                                       115 40% DPGMtBE + 60% TPG                                                                          30  16  31  28  5                                        116 20% DPGMtBE + 80% TPG                                                                          30  10.4                                                                              33  22  -5                                       C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-14.1                                                                            100% TPGMME      30  32.5                                                                              --  45**                                                                              --                                       147.1                                                                             80% TPGMME + 20% PG                                                                            30  26  12  38.7                                                                              8                                        148.1                                                                             60% TPGMME + 40% PG                                                                            30  18.4                                                                              42  29.6                                                                              24                                       149.1                                                                             40% TPGMME + 60% PG                                                                            30  18.3                                                                              41  27.1                                                                              25                                       150.1                                                                             20% TPGMME + 80% PG                                                                            30  17.3                                                                              43  24.2                                                                              27                                       C-2.1                                                                             100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-14.2                                                                            100% TPGMME      50  9.0 --  19.3                                                                              --                                       147.2                                                                             80% TPGMME + 20% PG                                                                            50  25  -89 39.3                                                                              -83                                      148.2                                                                             60% TPGMME + 40% PG                                                                            50  17.5                                                                              -1  30.7                                                                              -30                                      149.2                                                                             40% TPGMME + 60% PG                                                                            50  17  21  26.5                                                                              -3                                       150.2                                                                             20% TPGMME + 80% PG                                                                            50  15.5                                                                              40  22.1                                                                              21                                       C-2.2                                                                             100% PG          50  >30 --  >30 --                                       C-14.1                                                                            100% TPGMME      30  32.5                                                                              --  45**                                                                              --                                       151.1                                                                             80% TPGMME + 20% DPG                                                                           30  11.7                                                                              57  21.5                                                                              44                                       152.1                                                                             60% TPGMME + 40% DPG                                                                           30  9.2 62  17  49                                       153.1                                                                             40% TPGMME + 60% DPG                                                                           30  8.7 57  12.1                                                                              57                                       154.1                                                                             20% TPGMME + 80% DPG                                                                           30  7.5 53  9.2 59                                       C-3.1                                                                             100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-14.2                                                                            100% TPGMME      50  9.0 --  19.3                                                                              --                                       151.2                                                                             80% TPGMME + 20% DPG                                                                           50  10.1                                                                              -15 16.6                                                                              5                                        152.2                                                                             60% TPGMME + 40% DPG                                                                           50  6.5 24  12.5                                                                              20                                       153.2                                                                             40% TPGMME + 60% DPG                                                                           50  6.0 29  8.1 41                                       154.2                                                                             20% TPGMME + 80% DPG                                                                           50  4.5 45  5.0 58                                       C-3.2                                                                             100% DPG         50  8   --  10  --                                       C-14.1                                                                            100% TPGMME      30  32.5                                                                              --  45**                                                                              --                                       155.1                                                                             80% TPGMME + 20% TPG                                                                           30  20  28  41  -5                                       156.1                                                                             60% TPGMME + 40% TPG                                                                           30  12.8                                                                              44  22.7                                                                              29                                       157.1                                                                             40% TPGMME + 60% TPG                                                                           30  11.4                                                                              36  18.8                                                                              26                                       158.1                                                                             20% TPGMME + 80% TPG                                                                           30  10.5                                                                              19  12.7                                                                              33                                       C-4.1                                                                             100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-14.2                                                                            100% TPGMME      50  9.0 --  19.3                                                                              --                                       155.2                                                                             80% TPGMME + 20% TPG                                                                           50  14  -63 19.5                                                                              -11                                      156.2                                                                             60% TPGMME + 40% TPG                                                                           50  9.2 -12 15.5                                                                              3                                        157.2                                                                             40% TPGMME + 60% TPG                                                                           50  6.5 17  11  23                                       158.2                                                                             20% TPGMME + 80% TPG                                                                           50  6.0 19  8.0 37                                       C-4.2                                                                             100% TPG         50  7.0 --  11.0                                                                              --                                       C-10                                                                              100% TPGMnBE     30  70  --  150 --                                       97  80% TPGMnBE + 20% MEA                                                                          30  40  35  70  44                                       98  60% TPGMnBE + 40% MEA                                                                          30  27  50  55  46                                       99  40% TPGMnBE + 60% MEA                                                                          30  19.6                                                                              57  41  47                                       100 20% TPGMnBE + 80% MEA                                                                          30  14.1                                                                              63  29  46                                       C-5 100% MEA         30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-10                                                                              100% TPGMnBE     30  70  --  150 --                                       101 80% TPGMnBE + 20% PG                                                                           30  56  10  65  48                                       102 60% TPGMnBE + 40% PG                                                                           30  70  -30 80  22                                       103 40% TPGMnBE + 60% PG                                                                           30  51  -11 60  23                                       104 20% TPGMnBE + 80% PG                                                                           30  30  21  37  31                                       C-2 100% PG          30  >30*                                                                              --  >30*                                                                              --                                       C-10                                                                              10% TPGMnBE      30  70  --  150 --                                       105 80% TPGMnBE + 20% DPG                                                                          30  40  31  60  51                                       106 60% TPGMnBE + 40% DPG                                                                          30  20  57  37  62                                       107 40% TPGMnBE + 60% DPG                                                                          30  14  60  29.5                                                                              58                                       108 20% TPGMnBE + 80% DPG                                                                          30  10.2                                                                              56  14.3                                                                              67                                       C-3 100% DPG         30  11.8                                                                              --  16.5                                                                              --                                       C-10                                                                              100% TPGMnBE     30  70  --  150 --                                       109 80% TPGMnBE + 20% TPG                                                                          30  46  20  50  59                                       110 60% TPGMnBE + 40% TPG                                                                          30  31  31  48  49                                       111 40% TPGMnBE + 60% TPG                                                                          30  12  63  23  66                                       112 20% TPGMnBE + 80% TPG                                                                          30  10.0                                                                              51  16  60                                       C-4 100% TPG         30  8.0 --  12.5                                                                              --                                       C-13                                                                              100% DEGMHE      30  9.0 --  16.5                                                                              --                                       145 50% DEGMHE + 50% EGMFE                                                                         30  4.5 31  9.0 20                                       146 65% DEGMHE + 35% EGMFE                                                                         30  5.0 31  10.0                                                                              22                                       C-12                                                                              100% EGMFE       30  4.0 --  6.0 --                                       __________________________________________________________________________     Footnotes for Table 1                                                         *This lower limit was not directly measured, but was inferred from the        value measured with 50% of alkaline concentrate and the inevitable            observation that stripping times are longer for strippers with only 30% o     alkaline concentrate, with all other active ingredients maintained the        same.                                                                         **About 5% of the coating remained after this time, but the test was          nevertheless discontinued.                                                    Abbreviations for Table 1                                                     "AC" = "Alkaline Concentrate";                                                "WC" = "Working Composition";                                                 "ST" = "Stripping Time";                                                      "% S" = "Percent Synergy" or if the value is negative, "Percent               Antisynergy";                                                                 "Min" = "Minutes";                                                            "nm" = "not measured", or, in columns where the values are calculated         rather than directly measured, "not meaningful" (because at least one         directly measured value required for the calculation was not measured at      all or was merely given a lower limit rather than a complete measurement)                                                                              

The invention claimed is:
 1. A composition of matter useful as anadditive to alkaline stripping compositions to increase the speed ofstripping thereof, said composition consisting of a combination ofsolvents selected from the group of combinations consisting of:EGMFE andTPG, with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.40 to about0.95; DEGMPE and MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is fromabout 0.10 to about 0.90; DEGMPE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PGthat is from about 0.50 to about 0.75; DEGMPE and DPG, with a fractionby weight of DPG that is from about 0.10 to about 0.90; TEGMME and MEA,with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.40 to about 0.80;TEGMME and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is from about 0.15to about 0.80; TEGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that isfrom about 0.35 to about 0.95: DPGMME and PG, with a fraction by weightof PG that is from about 0.05 to about 0.90; DPGMME and DPG, with afraction by weight of DPG that is from about 0.10 to about 0.90; DPGMMEand TPG, with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.25 toabout 0.90; DEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that isfrom about 0.15 to about 0.90; DEGMnBE and PG, with a fraction by weightof PG that is from about 0.20 to about 0.90; DEGMnBE and DPG, with afraction by weight of DPG that is from about 0.50 to about 0.95; TEGMEEand MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.12 toabout 0.80; TEGMEE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that iseither from about 0.10 to about 0.45 or from about 0.50 to about 0.90;TEGMEE and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that is from about 0.10to about 0.95; TEGMEE and TPG, with a fraction by weight of TPG that isfrom about 0.10 to about 0.90; DEGMHE and PG, with a fraction by weightof PG that is about 0.20; DEGMHE and DPG, with a fraction by weight ofDPG that is from about 0.20 to about 0.81; TEGMnBE and MEA, with afraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.45 to about 0.90; TEGMnBEand PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is from about 0.45 to about0.90; TEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that is fromabout 0.10 to about 0.81; TPGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight ofDPG that is from about 0.20 to about 0.95; TPGMME and TPG, with afraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.50 to about 0.95; TPGMnBEand MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.20 toabout 0.80; and TPGMnBE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that isabout 0.20 or about 0.60.
 2. A composition according to claim 1,selected from the group of combinations consisting of:EGMFE and TPG,with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.60 to about 0.90;DEGMPE and MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.30to about 0.80; DEGMPE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that isfrom about 0.55 to about 0.65; DEGMPE and DPG, with a fraction by weightof DPG that preferably is from about 0.19 to about 0.85; TEGMME and MEA,with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.45 to about 0.70;TEGMME and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is from about 0.20to about 0.70; TEGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that isfrom 0.55 to 0.90; DPGMME and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG thatis from about 0.10 to about 0.81; DPGMME and DPG, with a fraction byweight of DPG that is from about 0.20 to about 0.85; DPGMME and TPG,with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.35 to about 0.85;DEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about0.20 to about 0.85; DEGMnBE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG thatis from about 0.30 to about 0.80; DEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction byweight of DPG that is from about 0.55 to about 0.90; TEGMEE and MEA,with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.18 to about 0.60;TEGMEE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is either from about0.15 to about 0.40 or from about 0.55 to about 0.85; TEGMEE and DPG,with a fraction by weight of DPG that is from about 0.15 to about 0.80;TEGMEE and TPG, with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.15to about 0.55; DEGMHE and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that isfrom about 0.30 to about 0.61; TEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction byweight of MEA that is from about 0.50 to about 0.81; TEGMnBE and PG,with a fraction by weight of PG that is from about 0.50 to about 0.85;TEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that is from about0.20 to about 0.70; TPGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPGthat is from about 0.60 to about 0.90; and TPGMME and TPG, with afraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.60 to about 0.90.
 3. Acomposition according to claim 2, wherein the combination is selectedfrom the group of combinations consisting of:EGMFE and TPG, with afraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.80 to about 0.85; DEGMPEand MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.50 toabout 0.65; DEGMPE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is fromabout 0.59 to about 0.61; DEGMPE and DPG, with a fraction by weight ofDPG that is from about 0.39 to about 0.81; TEGMME and MEA, with afraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.55 to about 0.65; TEGMMEand PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is from about 0.39 to about0.60; TEGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that is fromabout 0.60 to about 0.81; DPGMME and PG, with a fraction by weight of PGthat is from about 0.20 to about 0.81; DPGMME and DPG, with a fractionby weight of DPG that is from about 0.60 to about 0.81; DPGMME and TPG,with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.40 to about 0.81;DEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about0.58 to about 0.70; DEGMnBE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG thatis from about 0.40 to about 0.70; DEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction byweight of DPG that is from about 0.60 to about 0.81; TEGMEE and MEA,with a fraction by weight of MEA that is from about 0.38 to about 0.45;TEGMEE and PG, with a fraction by weight of PG that is either from about0.20 to about 0.30 or from about 0.55 to about 0.70; TEGMEE and DPG,with a fraction by weight of DPG that is from about 0.20 to about 0.61;TEGMEE and TPG, with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.18to about 0.21; DEGMHE and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that isfrom about 0.39 to about 0.46; TEGMnBE and MEA, with a fraction byweight of MEA that is from about 0.55 to about 0.66; TEGMnBE and PG,with a fraction by weight of PG that is from about 0.59 to about 0.81;TEGMnBE and DPG, with a fraction By weight of DPG that is from about0.40 to about 0.61; TPGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPGthat is from about 0.70 to about 0.85; and TPGMME and TPG, with afraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.70 to about 0.85.
 4. Acomposition according to claim 3, wherein the combination is selectedfrom the group consisting of:DPGMME and PG, with a fraction by weight ofPG that is from about 0.20 to about 0.25; DPGMME and DPG, with afraction by weight of DPG that is from about 0.70 to about 0.81; DPGMMEand TPG, with a fraction by weight of TPG that is from about 0.60 toabout 0.81; TPGMME and DPG, with a fraction by weight of DPG that isfrom about 0.80 to about 0.85: and TPGMME and TPG, with a fraction byweight of TPG that is from about 0.80 to about 0.85.
 5. A liquid paintstripping composition consisting essentially of water and:(A) at leastone dissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide; and (B) acomposition of matter according to claim
 4. 6. A liquid paint strippingcomposition according to claim 5, consisting essentially of waterand:(A) at least one dissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide;(B) a composition of matter according to claim 4; and (C) a componentselected from the group consisting of gluconic acid, water soluble andwater dispersible salts of gluconic acid, heptogluconic acid and itswater soluble and water dispersible salts, and glucono-delta-lactone. 7.A liquid paint stripping composition according to claim 6, consistingessentially of water and:(A) from about 0.1 to about 10 M/kg of totalliquid paint stripping composition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxicleselected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, rubidium, andcesium hydroxides and mixtures thereof; (B) from about 3 to about 30percent of total liquid paint stripping composition of component (B);and (C) from about 0.03 to about 2.0 M/kg of total liquid paintstripping composition of a component selected from the group consistingof gluconic acid, water soluble and water dispersible salts of gluconicacid, heptogluconic acid and its water soluble and water dispersiblesalts, and glucono-delta-lactone; and, optionally, one or more of thefollowing components: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline salts exclusiveof alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 8. A liquid paintstripping composition according to claim 7, consisting essentially ofwater and:(A) from about 0.5 to about 5 M/kg of total liquid paintstripping composition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxide selected fromthe group consisting of sodium, potassium rubidium, and cesiumhydroxides and mixtures thereof; (B) from about 5 to about 25 percent oftotal liquid paint stripping composition of component (B); and (C) fromabout 0.07 to about 0.8 M/kg of total liquid paint stripping compositionof a component selected from the group consisting of gluconic acid,water soluble and water dispersible salts of gluconic acid,heptogluconic acid and its water soluble and water dispersible salts,and glucono-delta-lactone; and, optionally, one or more of the followingcomponents: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline salts exclusive of alkalimetal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 9. A liquid paint strippingcomposition according to claim 8, consisting essentially of waterand:(A) from about 1.1 to about 4.5 M/kg of the total liquid paintstripping composition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxide selected fromthe group consisting of sodium and potassium hydroxides and mixturesthereof; (B) from about 9 to about 18 percent of the total liquid paintstripping composition of component (B); and (C) from about 0.15 to about0.45 M/kg of total liquid paint stripping composition of a componentselected from the group consisting of gluconic acid and water solubleand water dispersible salts of gluconic acid; and, optionally, one ormore of the following components: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline saltsexclusive of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 10. Aliquid paint stripping composition according to claim 9, consistingessentially of water and:(A) from about 2.6 to about 3.5 M/kg of thetotal composition of potassium hydroxide; (B) from about 11 to about 17percent of the total composition of component (B); and (C) from about0.17 to about 0.24 M/kg of total composition of a component selectedfrom the group consisting of gluconic acid and water soluble and waterdispersible salts of gluconic acid; and, optionally, one or more of mefollowing components: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline salts exclusiveof alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 11. A liquid paintstripping composition according to claim 10, consisting essentially ofwater and:(A) from about 2.8 to about 3.2 M/kg of the total liquid paintstripping composition of component (A); (B) from about 13 to about 17percent of the total liquid paint stripping composition of component(B); and (C) from about 0.18 to about 0.23 M/kg of total liquid paintstripping composition of a component selected from the group consistingof gluconic acid and water soluble and water dispersible salts ofgluconic acid; and, optionally, one or more of the following components:(E) surfactant; and (F) alkaline salts exclusive of alkali metal andalkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 12. A liquid paint strippingcomposition consisting essentially of water and:(A) at least onedissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide; and (B) acomposition of matter according to claim
 3. 13. A liquid paint strippingcomposition according to claim 12, consisting essentially of waterand:(A) at least one dissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide;(B) a composition of matter according to claim 3; and (C) a componentselected from the group consisting of gluconic acid, water soluble andwater dispersible salts of gluconic acid, heptogluconic acid and itswater soluble and water dispersible salts, and glucono-delta-lactone.14. A liquid paint stripping composition according to claim 13,consisting essentially of water and:(A) from about 0.1 to about 10 M/kgof total liquid paint stripping composition of dissolved alkali metalhydroxide selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium,rubidium, and cesium hydroxides and mixtures thereof; (B) from about 3to about 30 percent of total liquid paint stripping composition ofcomponent (B); and (C) from about 0.03 to about 2.0 M/kg of total liquidpaint stripping composition of a component selected from the groupconsisting of gluconic acid, water soluble and water dispersible saltsof gluconic acid, heptogluconic acid and its water soluble and waterdispersible salts, and glucono-delta-lactone; and, optionally, one ormore of the following components: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline saltsexclusive of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 15. Aliquid paint stripping composition according to claim 14, consistingessentially of water and:(A) from about 0.5 to about 5 M/kg of totalliquid paint stripping composition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxideselected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, rubidium, andcesium hydroxides and mixtures thereof; (B) from about 5 to about 25percent of total liquid paint stripping composition of component (B);end (C) from about 0.07 to about 0.8 M/kg of total liquid paintstripping composition of a component selected from the group consistingof gluconic acid, water soluble and water dispersible salts of gluconicacid, heptogluconic acid and its water soluble and water dispersiblesalts, and glucono-delta-lactone; and, optionally, one or more of thefollowing components: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline salts exclusiveof alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 16. A liquid paintstripping composition according to claim 15, consisting essentially ofwater and:(A) from about 1.1 to about 4.5 M/kg of the total liquid paintstripping composition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxide selected fromthe group consisting of sodium and potassium hydroxides and mixturesthereof; (B) from about 9 to about 18 percent of the total liquid paintstripping composition of component (B); and (C) from about 0.15 to about0.45 M/kg of total liquid paint stripping composition of a componentselected from the group consisting of gluconic acid and water solubleand water dispersible salts of gluconic acid; and, optionally, one ormore of the following components: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline saltsexclusive of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 17. Aliquid paint stripping composition consisting essentially of waterand:(A) at least one dissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide;and (B) a composition of matter according to claim
 2. 18. A liquid paintstripping composition according to claim 17, consisting essentially ofwater and:(A) from about 0.1 to about 10 M/kg of total liquid paintstripping composition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxide selected fromthe group consisting of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesiumhydroxides and mixtures thereof; (B) from about 3 to about 30 percent oltotal liquid paint stripping composition of component (B); and (C) fromabout 0.03 to about 2.0 M/kg of total liquid paint stripping compositionof a component selected from the group consisting of gluconic acid,water soluble and water dispersible salts of gluconic acid,heptogluconic acid and its water soluble and water dispersible salts,and glucono-delta-lactone; and, optionally, one or more of the followingcomponents: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline salts exclusive of alkalimetal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
 19. A liquid paint strippingcomposition consisting essentially of water and:(A) at least onedissolved alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide; and (B) acomposition of matter according to claim
 1. 20. A liquid paint strippingcomposition according to claim 19, consisting essentially of waterand:(A) from about 0.1 to about 10 M/kg of total liquid paint strippingcomposition of dissolved alkali metal hydroxide selected from the groupconsisting of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium hydroxides andmixtures thereof; (B) from about 3 to about 30 percent of total liquidpaint stripping composition of component (B); and (c) from about 0.03 toabout 2.0 M/kg of total liquid paint stripping composition of acomponent selected from the group consisting of gluconic acid, watersoluble and water dispersible salts of gluconic acid, heptogluconic acidand its water soluble and water dispersible salts, andglucono-delta-lactone; and, optionally, one or more of the followingcomponents: (D) surfactant; and (E) alkaline salts exclusive of alkalimetal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.